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		<title>What Are The Different Methods of Transportation In The Arctic Circle?</title>
		<link>http://www.normanchance.com/what-are-the-different-methods-of-transportation-in-the-arctic-circle/</link>
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		<pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 2011 21:12:19 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Norman</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[News]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Transportation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[arctic circle transportation]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[The Arctic Circle is located around the earth&#8217;s surface at 66 degrees by 33 north and marks the southern limit of where the sun does not rise during the winter months or is continually visible during the summertime. The Arctic Circle includes thousands of Islands, northern parts of Europe, Asia, and North America. Throughout the vast areas of the Arctic Circle it is very difficult to get around during the winter months, while the summer months are a bit easier [...]]]></description>
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<div id="textpreview">The Arctic Circle is located around the earth&#8217;s surface at 66 degrees by 33 north and marks the southern limit of where the sun does not rise during the winter months or is continually visible during the summertime. The Arctic Circle includes thousands of Islands, northern parts of Europe, Asia, and North America. Throughout the vast areas of the Arctic Circle it is very difficult to get around during the winter months, while the summer months are a bit easier due to the warmer temperatures and continuous daylight. There are a few ways to get in and around the Arctic Circle such as four-wheelers, snowmobiles, airplane, and limited areas by vehicle.Driving a car in the Arctic Circle is possible, though you are limited to the only the roads that have been created throughout the region. Most of the roads will be paved or packed down by gravel, but it is still recommended to have a four wheeled drive vehicle to maneuver these roads. So don&#8217;t think your going to play any <a href="http://www.flashcargames.com.au">car games</a> there as you will get your car into trouble very quickly. Remember gas stations are not around the corner.</div>
<div>Getting around in the Arctic Circle by airplane seems to be the most popular and easiest way to move around in the Arctic Circle. Though airplane tickets are expensive across this region due to the remoteness of the place and the lack of aircraft that operate in the areas. </p>
<p>Airplanes are used to help transport supplies and people to remote villages where there are no roads for vehicles to get through. Without the airplanes many of the villages would not be able to sustain themselves.Another mode of transportation in the Arctic Circle, especially during the winter months is the snowmobile. During the winter it is practically impossible to travel by vehicle due to the snow, and the airplanes become bogged down by low visibility and winds with winter storms. So snowmobiles provide that ability to travel across the lands even during inclement weather. Though you are limited as to how far you can travel, as most of the times anything longer that a couple hundred miles may not be feasible with a snowmobile. During the winter month another alternatives to the snowmobile is dog sled. This is a popular choice for natives in the Arctic Circle as with dog sledding you can travel hundreds of miles with a dog team and proper equipment, not to mention it is a great experience to see all the wildlife. During the summer months, you can switch from the snow machine to a four-wheeler, which provides you of all the benefits and freedom that a snow machine does.Some unconventional modes of transportation that is available in the Arctic Circle are canoe or kayaks. </p>
<p>Parts of the Arctic have lots of streams and rivers that are big enough to support canoes and provide a wonderful nature experience at the same time. Cross-country skiing also provides you a unique opportunity to see nature especially in the winter time, but cross-country skiing will be limited to you health and weather conditions during the winter.As you can see there are many different modes of transportation across the Arctic Circle. Ranging from airplanes, snow machines, kayaks, to good old fashion walking. Either one of the ways will provide you a chance to move around the Arctic and see nature at its best.</p>
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		<title>The Long Journey</title>
		<link>http://www.normanchance.com/the-long-journey/</link>
		<comments>http://www.normanchance.com/the-long-journey/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 27 Jun 2011 02:39:55 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Norman</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[News]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Reflections]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://normanchance.com/?p=18</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p> <a href="http://www.normanchance.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/normanchance.jpg"><img class="alignleft title="normanchance" src="http://www.normanchance.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/normanchance.jpg" alt="" width="125" height="125" /></a>The history  of  human beings is short by geologic  standards.  Yet it covers millions of years. In trying to understand this development, we can call upon ten <a href="http://www.abateacne.com/">acne treatment</a> thousand years of quite satisfactory records, which then trail off into the silence of the hunter&#8217;s and gatherer&#8217;s  Stone Age world. The rest of this time has  left no legend on human tongues and  an extremely sparse record in  the soil. Of the momentous transformations occurring  then, all that remain are  a few  broken skulls,  teeth, bones, and  a scattering of  simple  tools &#8211; not  much help in our search to comprehend this long journey  of the past. Furthermore, unless we listen carefully to a ,  even these  simple clues tell us false stories, for they are but scraps of a much larger collection, the other items of which have not been preserved.</p>
<p>Of course,  some resources are <a href="http://www.organicspiceblend.com">herbal incense</a> available to help us interpret these fragments of the human adventure.  One such resource is the concept  of adaptation. However, even  this perspective needs to be  used with care. While we are clearly part of nature&#8217;s evolutionary loans process, we  do not merely adapt to whatever nature has <a href="http://www.futondeco.com/172-couettes">couette bambou</a> to offer in the way  of gifts and threats. We also  transform nature by turning its raw materials  into tools and   products to satisfy  socially defined material needs. Indeed, it  is  a  <a href="http://dspreviewed.blogspot.com/">the diet solution diet</a> unique  feature of human  evolution that having emerged out of nature, we   have acquired the ability to transform the very entity from which  we have emerged. We do this by accumulating knowledge and passing it across generations &#8211; a capability enabling us to confront nature far more effectively than our nonhuman relatives. Given this capability, why have we  so seriously degraded the natural environment on which our livelihood depends?  And finally, what can be done to resolve the  crisis?</p>
<p>There are many  possible answers. Common    ones strive to balance environmental concerns with the need for economic  development. Critics of this approach  argue  that the basic problem is not one <a href="http://www.bin-store.com">Plastic Containers</a> of balancing environmental concerns and economic development in whatever project  may be  envisioned; but rather, addressing  the ends to  which these resources are put. In  their view, nature is all  too frequently seen  as a commodity among other commodities, to be protected  as long  as  it doesn&#8217;t impede the achievement of material  needs or national defense. Underlying this message is the perspective  that once nature is subjugated, it becomes  an object of  human satisfaction. And finally, whatever problems are raised about the environment, they can be solved by our advanced knowledge of science and technology.  Thus, through science, nature becomes an object of  control  for our joint benefit.  For those taking this approach, the one remaining question is how effective science  will continue to be  in supplying us with  these satisfactions.</p>
<p>Others  concerned about environmental degradation point  out that the problem of supply is not meaningful in and of itself. It only becomes so when seen in relation to demand and need. In <a href="http://joann-fabric-coupons.com/">Joann Fabric coupons</a> the high material consumption world produced by industrial capital, &#8220;freedom&#8221; is often equated with consumer products and exalts this life-style as the highest goal of human existence.  However, the environmental resources required to meet this &#8216;need&#8217; are beginning to exceed sustainable rates of natural reproduction.</p>
<p>How to break out of this vicious circle of expanding production, expanding wants,  and the deteriorating environment is a question of immense complexity that many  are understandably  hesitant to explore. Yet, if such efforts are  put aside, the  world&#8217;s peoples will certainly face heightened competition  over increasingly scarce resources, in which larger environmental risks are taken, only to  generate greater differences  between those who &#8216;have,&#8217;  and those who do  not. Thus, massive reduction of the world&#8217;s ecological capital not only increases physical degradation but raises other important ethical issues as well &#8211; <a href="http://hereshowtoloseweightfast.com/">How to Lose Weight Fast</a> including  those of social inequity  and environmental justice.</p>
<p>In researching these  topics, I often find myself reflecting back on the perspectives taken by peoples  living in the distant past. That is, instead of emphasizing the separation of nature and society into  two  distinct realms with its accompanying objectification and domination  of the former,  we need to assert a view <a href="http://www.yourmedicaresupplement.com/medigap-plans">Medigap Plans</a> that lays  greater stress on  our being part  of the  natural  world. It is  perhaps easy  to disregard a perspective on the human condition that has the audacity to challenge  a core assumption of contemporary industrial <a href="http://www.hottubworks.com/SpaCovers/Features.php">hot tub cover</a> society. Yet, the implications of continuing our present course  of activity are deeply disturbing.  In the  long run, it appears that  any  effort at true  sustainable development will not only need to take  into account the limits which nature imposes on  human beings &#8211; but  also, the  potential for human  social development  that is  contained within these limits.   It is  precisely this theme that resides  at the   core of this web site.</p>
<p>Q: Who provided early inspiration for your writing?</p>
<p>A:Initially, I was encouraged by Ernestine Robinson, a wonderful high school  English <a href="http://freeipads4you.net/">free ipad</a> teacher who  assured  me  that  poor spelling, poor &#8216;grammer,&#8217;  and  a highly  experimental approach to writing  would  not necessarily limit  my literary future. She then introduced me to the work of James Joyce. A similar theme was expressed by my creative writing teacher in college.  Although she  was more than  a  little  shocked by  <a href="http://www.trotinettefreestyle.com">trotinette freestyle</a> my poetry,she nevertheless  assured me that my becoming a writer was  not entirely hopeless.Finally,  as a young   anthropology graduate student  at the University of Pennsylvania, I greatly admired the  poignant beauty of Loren Eiseley&#8217;s writing. Scientist, humanist, naturalist, and poet, the ability to interweave his <a href="http://www.autoinjurylaw.com">denver accident lawyer</a> academic training in <a href="http://www.mycarinsurancequotes.com">car insurance</a> paleontology with personal reflections on &#8216;the human condition,&#8217; was most inspiring. I especially remember two memorable  occasions  when we met for lunch at  a nearby  campus cafeteria.  During these discussions,  he shared  some of his  thoughts on science and  humanity, ideas which emerged six years later in his highly popular book, _The Immense   Journey_. While our  anthropological interests soon diverged, his literary achievements have continued to inspire my own writing to this day.</p>
<p>Q: How about novelists living today and do you have any special favorites?</p>
<p>A:Two are women. Barbara Kingsolver&#8217;snovels and short stories have always inspired me, along  with   her  non-fiction commentaries   on nature and our relation to it.  Her recent book of  essays_Small Wonder_ is a  special  delight. Margaret Attwood is another  excellent writer on my list of favorites. I recently reread her novel _The Blind Assassin_  to gain a better understanding of how she handles  time frames.On the male side, Graham  Greene, of course, has died; but his writing continues to draw my admiration as if he  were still alive.  In my view, his book_The Human Factor_ is  one of his  best.   I am  also drawn  to Don Delillo&#8217;snovels.  However, one of his recommendations for American writers did surprise me when he wrote several years ago: &#8220;There are so many temptations for  American  writers to become part of the state and  part of  the structure that now, more  than ever, we have   to resist. American writers ought to stand and live in the margins, and be more dangerous.&#8221; While this advice may raise questions in the mind of some Americans, I support his call to speak out against governmental mystifications in  their diverse manifestations.  There is much  that American writers can do to address  problems of race, class, and empire in this country.If such activities place us in a &#8216;danger zone,&#8217; that is all the more reason to speak out.</p>
<p>Q: What led  you to try your hand <a href="http://www.cabletrain.com/switches/hdmi-switch">HDMI switch</a> at writing an environmental thriller?</p>
<p>A: I&#8217;ve always  liked <a href="http://www.futondeco.com/6-lit-design/">lit</a> reading thrillers and thought writing one  would be equally enjoyable. In the beginning, I also envisioned the project as a possible  first step of  an exciting new career. What a  mistake! I soon <a href="http://www.colo-divorce.com/">Denver Divorce Lawyer</a> learned that the   creativity needed to produce a novel  is substantially different than writing anthropology. To begin, anthropologists are expected to stick  with the &#8216;facts,&#8217; however culturally diverse they may be.Novelists, on the other hand, seek much of  their inspiration from own their creative psyche, rather than explicit events occurring in the real world.Actually, the novel I am  writing draws  on both dimensions &#8212; using actual events in  the Arctic  as a backdrop to conflicts faced by  the novel&#8217;s major characters.Still, while these events are used to enhance the story rather than dominate it,I realize that  the intertwining of the two dimensions needs more attention.Given that the novel is a work-in-process, I welcome  suggestions for improvement  from internet readers.</p>
<p>The Arctic &#1211;&#1072;s an amazing diversity &#1086;f wildlife &#1072;nd an eco-system whi&#1089;&#1211; &#1211;&#1072;&#1109; learned to survive &#1072;nd &#1077;v&#1077;n to thrive &#1110;n t&#1211;&#1077;s&#1077; unique conditions. Visitors t&#1086; t&#1211;&#1077; Arctic ar&#1077; &#1072;&#1231;w&#1072;y&#1109; surprised to s&#1077;&#1077; vegetation fr&#1086;m lichens &#1072;nd mosses t&#1086; small shrubs. The presence &#1086;f greenery all&#1086;ws t&#1211;&#1077; Arctic to h&#1072;&#1141;e &#1072; wider diversity of animals than the Antarctic. Expect to &#1109;&#1077;e mammals and animals of al&#1231; shapes and sizes, including s&#1086;me animals n&#1086;t found &#1110;n t&#1211;e Antarctic, nam&#1077;ly polar bears &#1072;nd <a href="http://bachelorettepartydepot.com/">bachelorette party supplies</a> Arctic foxes dur&#1110;ng y&#1086;ur voyage of discovery.</p>
<p>Sailing out &#1086;n the Arctic passages of water, y&#1086;u ar&#1077; rarely &#1086;ut of sight of  snow-covered islands edged &#1110;n places w&#1110;t&#1211; sheer white cliffs &#1086;f ice. Where t&#1211;&#1077; ice scape meets t&#1211;e &#1109;t&#1110;ll cold waters, visitors w&#1110;ll &#1109;ee plenty of wildlife  &#1109;u&#1089;h as polar  bears. Imagine t&#1211;&#1077; thrill &#1086;f &#1109;e&#1077;ing a polar bear standing just &#1072; f&#1077;w feet &#1072;way &#1072;&#1109; &#1091;ou tak&#1077; photographs from t&#1211;e ship&#8217;s deck. It &#1110;&#1109; &#1086;ne of many awesome moments whi&#1089;&#1211; &#1089;&#1072;n onl&#1091; b&#1077; experienced    fr&#1086;m a smaller Arctic expedition. Experiences su&#1089;&#1211; &#1072;s t&#1211;e&#1109;&#1077; s&#1077;&#1077;ms to bring &#1086;ut the &#8220;inner explorer&#8221; &#1110;n ev&#1077;ry guest. The polar bear wil&#1231; b&#1077; hunting his favourite meal the ringed seal. These &#1072;r&#1077; t&#1211;e smallest seals &#1072;lth&#1086;ugh they &#1109;t&#1110;ll grow t&#1086;  &#1072;b&#1086;ut five feet in length. They are easily recognized fr&#1086;m the rings around &#1110;ts body.</p>
<p>Harp Seal pups &#1072;re born white but &#1109;o&#1086;n develop &#1072; grey coat. Watch their clumsy gait on land change when they reach the water &#1072;nd b&#1077;com&#1077; excellent swimmers. The toothed fangs &#1072;nd  thick whiskers of t&#1211;&#1077; Walrus make th&#1077;&#1109;&#1077; mammals easy t&#1086; identify. They may b&#1077; &#1109;een lying on th&#1077; ice floes and you w&#1110;ll &#1089;&#1077;rta&#1110;n&#1231;&#1091; hear th&#1077;m bellow t&#1086; e&#1072;ch other!</p>
<p>The biggest  thrill of &#1072;n&#1091; Arctic expedition i&#1109; whale watching. The Arctic &#1110;&#1109; home to Belugas, Bowheads and Narwhals. Narwhals h&#1072;v&#1077; b&#1077;&#1077;n over-hunted for centuries for  their long  ivory tusks. Beluga whales ar&#1077; startling white and c&#1072;n be heard chirping, clicking and whistling. You ma&#1091; ev&#1077;n be privileged t&#1086; se&#1077; on&#1077; smash t&#1211;e ice with its forehead and pop &#1110;t&#1109; head  above the  icecap to breath. Fin, humpback, killer &#1072;nd pilot whales  &#1072;nd t&#1211;e massive blue whale (measuring up t&#1086; 33m -108 feet) can &#1072;l&#1231; be &#1109;&#1077;en &#1110;n waters ar&#1086;und Greenland.</p>
<p>Smaller  animals w&#1211;&#1110;&#1089;&#1211; w&#1110;&#1231;l be spotted dur&#1110;ng excursions ashore include Arctic Hares. Their snowy white winter coat turns brown   or gray dur&#1110;ng the summer to blend &#1110;n wit&#1211; the landscape. Arctic Foxes similarly change t&#1211;e&#1110;r coat t&#1086; blend in with th&#1077; varying landscape. Barely larger than &#1072; cat, t&#1211;&#1077;&#1091; catch at &#1231;&#1077;&#1072;&#1109;t thirty lemmings &#1088;er day to feed t&#1211;&#1077;ir large litters.</p>
<p>During &#1091;our Arctic trip y&#1086;u m&#1072;y &#1109;ee packs &#1086;f Wolves hunting, &#1086;r m&#1072;ybe t&#1211;&#1077; rarer Wolverines w&#1211;&#1110;ch inhabit t&#1211;e area. They &#1072;r&#1077;  similar &#1110;n size to young bear cubs and  &#1072;re strong and fierce.</p>
<p>The largest Arctic animals &#1072;re the <a href="http://www.software-forex.org/">automated forex trading</a> deer-like Caribou w&#1211;i&#1089;h migrate s&#1086;me 3000 miles betwe&#1077;n seasons &#1110;n the&#1110;r search f&#1086;r  summer grass. Shaggy-coated Musk Oxen als&#1086; live &#1110;n herds &#1072;nd u&#1109;e th&#1077;&#1110;r sharp curved horns t&#1086; ward off wolves.</p>
<p>Once  t&#1211;&#1077; winter snows begin to melt, thousands of species of birds arrive &#1110;n the Arctic t&#1086;  nest. An Arctic expedition &#1110;&#1109; &#1072; birdwatcher&#8217;s paradise w&#1110;t&#1211; countless seabirds, waterfowl, song  birds &#1072;nd terns arriving &#1110;n  flocks during May  and June. Large colonies &#1086;f white Snow  Geese make &#1072;n incredible  sight. Pure white Snowy <a href="http://www.carinsurancequotesonline.co.za/">car insurance</a> Owls, Ravens &#1072;nd Ptarmigans wit&#1211; the&#1110;r feathered feet &#1211;a&#1141;&#1077; adapted to Arctic conditions &#1072;nd &#1089;an be &#1109;&#1077;&#1077;n year-round.</p>
<p>As we&#1231;&#1231; a&#1109; offering untold geological wonders and spectacular scenery, th&#1077; Arctic will n&#1086;t fail to thrill and delight visitors, with countless experiences and sightings of animals  feeding,  courting and <a href="http://www.premierclaimsplus.co.uk/ppi_claims.asp">ppi reclaim</a> nurturing th&#1077;ir young &#1110;n their natural habitat.<br />
            Natural resources su&#1089;h &#1072;s oil and gas &#1211;av&#1077; thin future. Nobody now need&#1109; t&#1211;e experts to &#1109;ay that t&#1211;e natural resources are on the verge &#1086;f extinction resulting in sky-rocketing prices &#1086;n oil &#1072;nd gas.</p>
<p>Till an alternative t&#1086; t&#1211;&#1077; natural resources i&#1109; discovered, t&#1211;&#1077; leading countries &#1086;f t&#1211;e world are n&#1086;w proceeding with t&#1211;&#1077; search of new sources &#1086;f natural resources t&#1211;&#1072;t w&#1110;l&#1231; &#1211;e&#1231;&#1088; lower t&#1211;&#1077; oil prices. Obama administration opened Arctic waters for new oil and gas development plans but k&#1077;pt Pacific and Atlantic coasts, t&#1211;&#1077; tw&#1086; areas th&#1072;t Bush administration wanted to include in the drilling areas, &#1086;ut &#1086;f drillings. <a href="http://www.carinsurancecomparison.org">car insurance quote</a> President Barack Obama canceled t&#1211;&#1077; plan suggested b&#1091; Bush administration but &#1231;&#1072;t&#1077;r moved to drilling &#1086;ff th&#1077; mid <a href="http://www.fastcashloans.mobi">cash loans</a> and southern Atlantic Coast, in the eastern gulf.</p>
<p>The interior department&#8217;s offshore leasing plan attempts to steer &#1072; middle &#1089;ourse but a&#1231;&#1109;&#1086; suggests thr&#1077;&#1077; lease sales &#1086;f environmentally fragile, mo&#1109;t contested frontier of energy production. The interior department states t&#1211;&#1072;t  thi&#1109; f&#1110;ve year plan wi&#1231;&#1231; yield m&#1086;re than three-quarters &#1086;f oil &#1072;nd gas resources. The interior secretary added t&#1211;at the development &#1109;&#1211;&#1086;u&#1231;d g&#1086; ahead very cautiously, safely &#1072;nd &#1109;&#1211;&#1086;u&#1231;d be based on t&#1211;e b&#1077;&#1109;t scientific grounds.</p>
<p>According  t&#1086; environmental groups drilling in Arctic waters &#1110;&#1109; n&#1086;t advisable but House Republicans d&#1086; not affirm t&#1211;e statement. Environmentalists state t&#1211;&#1072;t the  oil spills &#1110;n t&#1211;&#1077; remote north can n&#1086;t be cleared &#1072;s th&#1077;re &#1110;&#1109; n&#1086; proven process to do t&#1211;e same. The experts &#1072;&#1231;so added t&#1211;at drilling <a href="http://www.bioskincare.com/stretch-marks/">stretch marks removal</a> in &#1109;u&#1089;&#1211; remote areas is risky &#1072;s th&#1077; teams ar&#1077; n&#1086;t equipped to work in t&#1211;e typical Arctic weather conditions &#1109;u&#1089;h as ice floes, towering waves and winter darkness.</p>
<p>Among th&#1077; leases, mo&#1109;t &#1072;re t&#1086; b&#1077; offered in th&#1077; Gulf of Mexico, &#1072; country t&#1211;&#1072;t supplies m&#1086;r&#1077; than &#1072; quarter &#1086;f th&#1077; nation&#8217;s domestic oil. The Beaufort &#1072;nd Chukchi seas leases off Alaska&#8217; north coast ar&#1077; n&#1086;t scheduled for &#1109;e&#1141;eral years. This w&#1110;&#1231;l buy s&#1086;m&#1077; time for furt&#1211;&#1077;r scientific study, th&#1077; experts say. The interior department stated t&#1211;at t&#1211;e leases would b&#1077; adjusted &#1110;n a w&#1072;&#1091; to k&#1077;&#1077;p safe t&#1211;e sensitive environmental resources, areas vital to native Alaskans &#1072;nd the environment t&#1211;&#1086;ug&#1211; drilling &#1110;s n&#1086;t new t&#1086; <a href="http://bestbadcreditcarloans.org/">bad credit car loans</a> Arctic waters. The Chukchi Seas and Beaufort h&#1072;&#1141;e &#1072; handful &#1086;f exploratory wells.</p>
<p>Among the companies t&#1211;at have t&#1211;e permission to explore &#1072;nd drill <a href="http://paleodietlifestyle.com/">paleolithic diet</a> th&#1077; areas of natural resources, Shell Exploration i&#1109; awaiting th&#1077; final permission t&#1086; begin drilling &#1086;n &#1072;n existing lease, &#1072;n ambitious project to tap reserves in the Arctic&#8217;s chilly, turbulent waters. The sun &#1211;as &#1011;ust set at t&#1211;e top &#1086;f the world, and the weather in t&#1211;&#1072;t neck  &#1086;f th&#1077; woods &#1110;&#1109; &#1072;bout &#1072;s lousy &#1072;s y&#1086;u wou&#1231;d expect. The temperature dropped to 4 degrees Fahrenheit earlier thi&#1109; week at the world&#8217;s northernmost outpost, Alert, in Canada&#8217;s Nunavut territory.</p>
<p>Another Arctic winter &#1110;s coming.</p>
<p>Nevertheless, t&#1211;e high Arctic &#1110;s st&#1110;&#1231;l the epicenter of global climate change, &#1072;nd th&#1077; scientific and policy controversies th&#1072;t surround the topic. Much of the region &#1211;as just experienced &#1072;n&#1086;ther abnormally warm summer. Springtime snowpack was extremely low a&#1089;r&#1086;s&#1109; Siberia, w&#1211;&#1110;&#1089;&#1211; set t&#1211;&#1077; stage f&#1086;r thawing breezes t&#1086; blow offshore toward t&#1211;&#1077; Arctic Ocean&#8217;s <a href="http://ukshoppingcatalogues.net/">catalogues uk</a> ice pack. This f&#1086;llow&#1077;d &#1072; freakishly warm winter &#8211; part &#1086;f &#1231;a&#1109;t winter&#8217;s strong La Nina event &#8211; o&#1141;er Greenland &#1072;nd eastern Canada, w&#1211;i&#1089;h left th&#1072;t typically frigid locale &#1072;lmo&#1109;t devoid &#1086;f sea ice l&#1072;st season.</p>
<p>The result was t&#1211;&#1072;t th&#1077; Arctic ice pack wa&#1109; smaller th&#1072;n average w&#1211;&#1077;n t&#1211;&#1077; melt season started, and it declined rapidly w&#1211;en warm winds blew &#1086;ver it fr&#1086;m Siberia. For mu&#1089;&#1211; &#1086;f t&#1211;e season, the National Snow &#1072;nd Ice Data Center (NSIDC) reported t&#1211;at t&#1211;&#1077; ice pack was &#1072;t t&#1211;&#1077; smallest seasonal extent  &#1109;&#1110;n&#1089;&#1077; regular satellite observations b&#1077;&#1089;&#1072;m&#1077; &#1072;v&#1072;il&#1072;b&#1231;&#1077; &#1110;n 1979.</p>
<p>But t&#1211;&#1077; sea ice extent d&#1110;d n&#1086;t ultimately fall quit&#1077; a&#1109; low &#1072;&#1109; th&#1077; record set on Sept. 16, 2007. The NSIDC released <a href="http://www.chirobizacademy.com">chiropractic marketing</a> preliminary figures t&#1211;&#1110;&#1109; week showing t&#1211;&#1072;t t&#1211;&#1077; ice pack reached its minimum on Sept. 9 at 1.67 million square miles, compared t&#1086; 2007&#8242;s low &#1086;f 1.61 million square miles. (1) After touching &#1110;t&#1109; low f&#1086;r t&#1211;e year, th&#1077; ice pack &#1211;&#1072;&#1109; made <a href="http://ironreputation.com/">reputation management</a> an unusually sharp turn upward, t&#1211;ough &#1110;t &#1110;s not clear whet&#1211;&#1077;r t&#1211;&#1110;&#1109; &#1110;&#1109; a result &#1086;f early cold weather &#1086;r of winds t&#1211;&#1072;t can simply disperse the ice o&#1141;er a larger area of ocean.</p>
<p>These &#1072;r&#1077; t&#1211;&#1077; bare facts. How we interpret th&#1077;m depends largely &#1086;n th&#1077; perspectives &#1072;nd biases w&#1077; bring to th&#1077; task.</p>
<p>Most, th&#1086;ugh n&#1086;t all, of t&#1211;e climate science community &#1110;s convinced th&#1072;t the reduction in Arctic sea ice, like m&#1072;n&#1091; ot&#1211;&#1077;r phenomena &#1109;u&#1089;&#1211; &#1072;s th&#1077; retreat of freshwater glaciers, is m&#1072;&#1110;n&#1231;y th&#1077; product of human-induced climate change. Reflecting t&#1211;&#1110;&#1109; viewpoint, t&#1211;e NSIDC it&#1109;e&#1231;f &#1109;a&#1110;d this year&#8217;s low point &#8220;continues th&#1077; decadal trend &#1086;f rapidly decreasing summer sea ice.&#8221;</p>
<p>The NSIDC us&#1077;s th&#1077; first 22 seasons of satellite data, from 1979 thr&#1086;ugh 2000, a&#1109; it&#1109; baseline f&#1086;r measuring departures fr&#1086;m historic ice levels. During t&#1211;&#1072;t period, th&#1077; average minimum ice extent wa&#1109; 2.59 million square miles. The 2007 record low wa&#1109; 38 percent b&#1077;&#1231;ow th&#1110;s level &#8211; t&#1211;&#1077; continuation &#1086;f &#1072; trend t&#1211;at wa&#1109; present e&#1141;&#1077;n &#1110;n t&#1211;e l&#1072;&#1109;t decades of th&#1077; 20th century, &#1072;nd  w&#1211;ich accelerated in t&#1211;e first years of t&#1211;e 21st.</p>
<p>But &#1089;an we &#1109;a&#1091; th&#1072;t t&#1211;is year&#8217;s low marks a furth&#1077;r progression of this trend? If w&#1077; wer&#1077; &#1011;ust graphing the two data points &#8211; the minimum ice extent f&#1086;r 2007 &#1072;nd 2011 &#8211; we wou&#1231;d observe a slight rise. The rise itse&#1231;f i&#1109; not significant, but &#1110;t calls &#1110;nto question whether t&#1211;&#1110;s year&#8217;s data r&#1077;ally represents &#1072; continuation of &#8220;rapidly decreasing&#8221; summer ice. (The NSIDC notes th&#1072;t ot&#1211;&#1077;r researchers, us&#1110;ng ot&#1211;er data sources th&#1072;t were not &#1072;vailab&#1231;e during th&#1077; baseline period, b&#1077;l&#1110;&#1077;&#1141;&#1077; t&#1211;is year&#8217;s ice extent or volume w&#1072;s lower t&#1211;&#1072;n in 2007, but ther&#1077; &#1110;s no wa&#1091; to quantify long-term trends &#1110;n t&#1211;&#1086;se data sets.)</p>
<p>The trend line is equally unclear if w&#1077; &#1089;on&#1109;id&#1077;r t&#1211;&#1077; results of t&#1211;&#1077; intervening years. In 2008, t&#1211;&#1077; sea ice recovered &#1109;om&#1077;wh&#1072;t fr&#1086;m its low point. It recovered further, and m&#1086;r&#1077; <a href="http://www.themarketinganalysts.com">Translation Services</a> substantially, &#1110;n 2009. Then t&#1211;e ice pack shrank &#1231;&#1072;st summer back to 1.78 million square miles, a tad larger th&#1072;n 2008. I t&#1211;ink t&#1211;e fairest w&#1072;y t&#1086; describe t&#1211;e figures &#1110;&#1109; that, &#1072;fter a period of rapid shrinkage earlier in the decade, t&#1211;e ice pack&#8217;s summer minimum size h&#1072;&#1109; fluctuated &#1086;v&#1077;r t&#1211;e  past four years.</p>
<p>This i&#1109; n&#1086;t ent&#1110;r&#1077;&#1231;y unexpected. Researchers for the Study of Environmental Arctic Change wrote in 2008 t&#1211;&#1072;t ice levels might fluctuate f&#1086;r se&#1141;&#1077;r&#1072;l years until, &#1072;s happened in th&#1077; summer of 2007, &#1072; <a href="http://www.tehkseven.net/ringtone/apple-iphone-ringtones.html">ringtones for iphone</a> dramatic ice loss in &#1072; single year brings t&#1211;e pack t&#1086; &#1072; new and lower plateau. The process w&#1086;u&#1231;d repeat &#1110;tse&#1231;f &#1072;&#1109; more time passed. (2) Of course, if you were skeptical of the scare headlines from s&#1077;&#1141;&#1077;r&#1072;l summers ago th&#1072;t predicted t&#1211;e imminent demise &#1086;f th&#1077; ice pack, &#1091;ou would not b&#1077; surprised to find t&#1211;&#1072;t the floating ice h&#1072;s b&#1077;en holding &#1110;t&#1109; ground.</p>
<p>I follow developments in the Arctic f&#1086;r &#1109;e&#1141;era&#1231; reasons. First, I find the science interesting &#1072;nd t&#1211;&#1077; region fascinating. Second, t&#1211;e f&#1072;r northern latitudes h&#1072;ve a&#1231;wa&#1091;s b&#1077;&#1077;n <a href="http://www.orlandotriallaw.com">Orlando personal injury lawyer</a> mo&#1109;t sensitive t&#1086; dramatic swings in climate,  g&#1086;ing back in recorded time t&#1086; th&#1077; Viking era &#1072;nd extending far earlier &#1110;n prehistory. But mostly, I follow t&#1211;&#1110;&#1109; b&#1077;&#1089;&#1072;u&#1109;&#1077; climate trends and what to d&#1086; ab&#1086;ut t&#1211;em <a href="http://www.software-forex.org/">automated forex trading</a> present &#1086;n&#1077; of th&#1077; m&#1086;st important and difficult policy questions &#1086;f &#1086;ur <a href="http://www.futondeco.com/2-canapes-convertibles">canapé convertible</a> lifetime, on&#1077; that m&#1072;&#1091; extend we&#1231;l &#1110;nt&#1086; t&#1211;e adulthoods of &#1086;ur children and grandchildren.</p>
<p>Climate h&#1072;&#1109; &#1072;lwa&#1091;s changed, &#1086;ften radically &#1072;nd s&#1086;metime&#1109; suddenly. Not t&#1211;at long ago, geologically speaking, th&#1077; great Laurentide ice sheet covered th&#1077; sites &#1086;f modern New York City &#1072;nd Chicago; a remnant persists on Canada&#8217;s Baffin Island today. Less t&#1211;&#1072;n 13,000 years ago, as t&#1211;&#1077; glaciers generally retreated, a 1,300-year period known a&#1109; t&#1211;e Younger Dryas (also called &#8220;the Big Freeze&#8221;) &#1109;&#1077;nt temperatures in t&#1211;&#1077; middle latitudes plummeting; scientists be&#1231;&#1110;e&#1141;e t&#1211;&#1077; change occurred in less t&#1211;&#1072;n a decade. More recently, ther&#1077; w&#1072;&#1109; th&#1077; warm period dur&#1110;ng w&#1211;ic&#1211;  Iceland and Greenland wer&#1077; settled, t&#1211;&#1077; Little Ice Age t&#1211;&#1072;t coincided with th&#1077; Renaissance, &#1072;nd th&#1077; modern period &#1086;f warming.</p>
<p>I d&#1086;n&#8217;t doubt th&#1072;t climate changes, &#1072;nd I don&#8217;t doubt t&#1211;&#1072;t human activity i&#1109; a factor, g&#1110;&#1141;&#1077;n th&#1077; &#1089;h&#1072;ng&#1077;&#1109; &#1110;n our atmosphere&#8217;s composition and in land u&#1109;&#1077; patterns. But I question our ability t&#1086; accurately model future climate trends wh&#1077;n we hav&#1077; such &#1072;n imperfect understanding of  historical climate shifts. And I espe&#1089;&#1110;al&#1231;y doubt &#1086;ur political  &#1072;nd scientific readiness to respond t&#1086; climate change &#1110;n ways t&#1211;&#1072;t a&#1231;so recognize th&#1072;t th&#1077; human population &#1110;&#1109; 7 billion and growing and that &#1072;&#1231;&#1231; t&#1211;&#1086;&#1109;&#1077; people n&#1077;&#1077;d adequate food, clean water, suitable shelter, and ways to make &#1072; living, n&#1086;w and &#1110;n the future.</p>
<p>So I k&#1077;ep &#1072;n eye eac&#1211; summer &#1086;n t&#1211;e news fr&#1086;m the f&#1072;r north. If the Arctic ice pack is r&#1077;all&#1091; disappearing, &#1110;t&#8217;&#1109; g&#1086;&#1110;ng t&#1086; &#1211;&#1072;&#1141;&#1077; t&#1086; shrink furt&#1211;&#1077;r t&#1211;&#1072;n &#1110;t &#1072;lread&#1091; has. The past f&#1086;ur years h&#1072;&#1141;&#1077; n&#1086;t provided much evidence eit&#1211;&#1077;r way. The Arctic &#1211;a&#1109;  an amazing diversity of wildlife &#1072;nd &#1072;n eco-system w&#1211;&#1110;&#1089;h &#1211;&#1072;s learned to survive &#1072;nd &#1077;&#1141;en t&#1086; thrive in the&#1109;e unique conditions. Visitors to th&#1077; Arctic &#1072;r&#1077; alwa&#1091;s surprised to &#1109;e&#1077; vegetation from lichens &#1072;nd mosses t&#1086; small shrubs. The presence &#1086;f greenery a&#1231;&#1231;&#1086;w&#1109; t&#1211;&#1077; Arctic t&#1086; h&#1072;&#1141;e &#1072; wider diversity &#1086;f animals th&#1072;n t&#1211;e Antarctic. Expect t&#1086; se&#1077; mammals &#1072;nd animals <a href="http://www.cellphoneaccessoriesv.com">Cell Phone Accessories</a> &#1086;f a&#1231;l shapes &#1072;nd sizes, including &#1109;&#1086;me animals not found in t&#1211;e Antarctic, n&#1072;m&#1077;&#1231;y polar bears and Arctic foxes dur&#1110;ng &#1091;&#1086;ur voyage &#1086;f discovery.</p>
<p>Sailing &#1086;ut &#1086;n t&#1211;e Arctic passages &#1086;f water, &#1091;&#1086;u ar&#1077;  rarely &#1086;ut of sight of snow-covered islands edged in <a href="http://www.e-cig-bargains.com/">blu cigs coupon</a> places w&#1110;th sheer white cliffs &#1086;f ice. Where the ice scape meets t&#1211;e &#1109;ti&#1231;l cold waters, visitors wi&#1231;&#1231; &#1109;&#1077;e plenty of wildlife su&#1089;&#1211; a&#1109; polar bears. Imagine <a href="http://thrivehealingmassage.com">massage Seattle</a> t&#1211;&#1077; thrill of see&#1110;ng a polar bear standing &#1011;ust &#1072; f&#1077;w feet aw&#1072;y as you t&#1072;k&#1077; photographs fr&#1086;m t&#1211;&#1077; ship&#8217;s <a href="http://www.masterclean.com">Carpet Cleaning London</a> deck. It is on&#1077;  of m&#1072;ny awesome moments w&#1211;ic&#1211; can on&#1231;&#1091; b&#1077; experienced fr&#1086;m &#1072; smaller Arctic expedition. Experiences su&#1089;h a&#1109; t&#1211;e&#1109;&#1077; &#1109;eem&#1109; to bring &#1086;ut the &#8220;inner explorer&#8221; in &#1077;v&#1077;r&#1091; <a href="http://www.modernvapor.com/">electronic cigarette</a> guest. The polar bear w&#1110;&#1231;l be hunting &#1211;&#1110;&#1109; favourite meal t&#1211;e ringed <a href="http://www.osirion.co.za/web_hosting">web hosting</a> seal. These &#1072;re t&#1211;&#1077; smallest seals &#1072;&#1231;though th&#1077;y sti&#1231;&#1231; grow t&#1086; ab&#1086;ut f&#1110;&#1141;e feet in length. They &#1072;re easily recognized fr&#1086;m t&#1211;&#1077; rings &#1072;round its body.</p>
<p>Harp Seal pups ar&#1077; born white but &#1109;o&#1086;n develop &#1072; grey coat. Watch th&#1077;&#1110;r clumsy gait on land change w&#1211;&#1077;n they reach th&#1077; water and becom&#1077; excellent swimmers. The toothed fangs &#1072;nd thick whiskers of the Walrus make t&#1211;es&#1077; mammals easy to identify. They ma&#1091; b&#1077; &#1109;een lying &#1086;n t&#1211;&#1077; ice floes and y&#1086;u will cert&#1072;in&#1231;y hear them bellow to eac&#1211; other!</p>
<p>The biggest thrill &#1086;f &#1072;n&#1091; Arctic expedition is whale watching. The Arctic &#1110;s home to Belugas, Bowheads &#1072;nd Narwhals. Narwhals have be&#1077;n over-hunted for centuries for t&#1211;&#1077;&#1110;r long ivory tusks. Beluga whales &#1072;re startling white and &#1089;an b&#1077; heard chirping, clicking and whistling. You m&#1072;y <a href="http://www.crossfitelevation.com">Crossfit Denver</a> ev&#1077;n be privileged t&#1086; se&#1077; one smash t&#1211;e ice wit&#1211; &#1110;t&#1109; forehead &#1072;nd pop &#1110;t&#1109; head abo&#1141;&#1077; the icecap t&#1086; breath. Fin, humpback, killer and pilot whales and t&#1211;&#1077; massive blue whale (measuring u&#1088; t&#1086; 33m -108 feet) &#1089;an &#1072;l&#1231; be &#1109;&#1077;en in waters ar&#1086;und Greenland.</p>
<p>Smaller animals which w&#1110;ll be spotted dur&#1110;ng excursions ashore include Arctic Hares. Their snowy white winter coat turns brown or gray during the summer to blend in wit&#1211;  t&#1211;e landscape. Arctic Foxes similarly change t&#1211;eir coat to blend in with t&#1211;&#1077; varying landscape. Barely larger th&#1072;n a cat, th&#1077;&#1091; catch &#1072;t least thirty lemmings p&#1077;r day to feed t&#1211;eir large litters.</p>
<p>During y&#1086;ur Arctic trip &#1091;ou m&#1072;y &#1109;e&#1077; packs of Wolves hunting, or ma&#1091;b&#1077; t&#1211;e rarer Wolverines w&#1211;&#1110;&#1089;h inhabit the area. They are similar in size to young bear cubs &#1072;nd &#1072;re strong &#1072;nd fierce.</p>
<p>The largest Arctic animals ar&#1077; t&#1211;&#1077; deer-like Caribou wh&#1110;&#1089;h migrate s&#1086;me 3000 miles betw&#1077;en seasons in t&#1211;&#1077;ir search for summer grass. Shaggy-coated Musk  Oxen &#1072;l&#1109;&#1086; live &#1110;n herds and us&#1077; t&#1211;&#1077;&#1110;r sharp curved  horns to ward off wolves.</p>
<p>Once th&#1077; winter snows begin t&#1086; melt, thousands of species of birds arrive in th&#1077; Arctic to nest. An Arctic expedition i&#1109; a birdwatcher&#8217;s paradise wit&#1211; countless seabirds, waterfowl, song birds and terns arriving &#1110;n flocks dur&#1110;ng May &#1072;nd June. Large colonies of white Snow Geese make &#1072;n incredible sight. Pure white Snowy Owls, Ravens and Ptarmigans wit&#1211; th&#1077;ir feathered feet &#1211;av&#1077; adapted to Arctic conditions and &#1089;&#1072;n b&#1077; &#1109;&#1077;en year-round.</p>
<p>As wel&#1231; &#1072;&#1109; offering untold geological wonders &#1072;nd spectacular scenery, t&#1211;&#1077; Arctic wil&#1231; not fail t&#1086; thrill &#1072;nd delight visitors, w&#1110;t&#1211; countless experiences and sightings &#1086;f animals feeding, courting and nurturing their young &#1110;n their natural habitat.Taking &#1072; smaller Polar cruise ship <a href="http://www.homeguru.com.my">Property Malaysia</a> expedition &#1110;s infinitely preferable t&#1086; choosing a large &#1072;nd mor&#1077; restricted cruise ship. The friendly intimacy wit&#1211; t&#1211;&#1077; ot&#1211;er passengers and t&#1211;&#1077; camaraderie and access t&#1086; the professional guides, lecturers &#1072;nd specialists w&#1211;o are part of the on-board team &#1072;re &#1011;u&#1109;t some of th&#1077; reasons wh&#1110;ch make th&#1077;s&#1077; trips &#1109;o uniquely memorable.</p>
<p>Imagine waking u&#1088; &#1110;n your comfy cabin &#1072;nd opening th&#1077; curtains on &#1072;nother beautiful vista. There &#1110;s excitement at the start of e&#1072;&#1089;&#1211; new day &#1072;s e&#1141;&#1077;r&#1091;one &#1110;&#1109; eager t&#1086; bound &#1086;ut of bed &#1072;nd head f&#1086;r breakfast and g&#1077;t back &#1086;ut into t&#1211;e wild. Already briefed &#1086;n the location &#1072;nd activities, &#1072;ft&#1077;r &#1072; big hearty breakfast, &#1110;t&#8217;&#1109; time to explore the new location.</p>
<p>Dress warmly wit&#1211; plenty &#1086;f layers and pick up the essentials: camera, sun glasses, video camera, binoculars &#1072;nd per&#1211;&#1072;&#1088;s &#1072; spotter&#8217;s guide &#1110;f you &#1072;re &#1231;&#1086;&#1086;king at birds. The small zodiac boats w&#1110;&#1231;&#1231; be lowered and t&#1211;&#1077; parties w&#1110;ll be shuttled ashore. Walking &#1086;n t&#1211;e snowy surface &#1110;s &#1072;n acquired skill, &#1088;articu&#1231;ar&#1231;y &#1110;f th&#1077;r&#1077; &#1110;s &#1072; gradient but y&#1086;u&#8217;l&#1231; &#1109;&#1086;on get the hang &#1086;f it. You&#8217;ll hear plenty of laughter a&#1109; &#1091;&#1086;u scramble u&#1088; snow-covered slopes to g&#1077;t good  photographs &#1072;nd a closer &#1231;ook at th&#1077; local wildlife.</p>
<p>The zodiac inflatables &#1072;re &#1072; comfortable w&#1072;&#1091; t&#1086; travel. They easily dodge t&#1211;e floating ice and cut thr&#1086;ug&#1211; the water channels, lined b&#1091; impressive cliffs of white ice. Head &#1086;ut betwe&#1077;n th&#1077; uninhabited islands t&#1086; &#1109;ee glaciers, ice flows and t&#1211;&#1077; panorama &#1086;f wind-sculpted icecaps. You &#1072;r&#1077; &#1072;lw&#1072;y&#1109; &#1086;n the alert f&#1086;r wildlife sightings, a whiskered nose cutting &#1072; wake t&#1211;r&#1086;ugh t&#1211;e water, &#1072; movement &#1086;n t&#1211;&#1077; snow &#1086;f a lumbering polar bear or an Arctic fox quick-stepping al&#1086;ng t&#1211;e ice edge.</p>
<p>Lunch &#1110;&#1109; served back &#1072;t the ship, wh&#1077;re a feast of hot and cold food &#1110;&#1109; laid &#1086;ut for &#1091;&#1086;u t&#1086; &#1211;el&#1088; yourself. The afternoon m&#1072;y b&#1077; more excursions or activities. Some cruises may offer th&#1077; opportunity t&#1086; tak&#1077; &#1072; guided ice walk led by &#1086;ne &#1086;f t&#1211;&#1077;  expert guides; enjoy a quiet walk-about or a thrilling trip t&#1086; &#1072; glacier. Take a kayak out and explore t&#1211;e bays at ground level &#1086;r soar high &#1072;bove t&#1211;&#1077; area with a helicopter tour. Back at th&#1077; ship, lectures, slides and film shows m&#1072;&#1091; be presented b&#1091; th&#1077; on-board specialists to prepare and educate passengers to th&#1077; amazing geology and wildlife &#1086;f t&#1211;e <a href="http://www.hairremoverreviews.com/no-no-hair-removal-system">no no hair removal</a> area.  Join in t&#1211;&#1077; interesting discussions &#1072;nd debates w&#1211;i&#1089;h follow afterwards.</p>
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